See cearc on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "sga",
"3": "cerc"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish cerc",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*kerkā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *kerkā",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Irish cerc, from Proto-Celtic *kerkā.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "circe",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cearca",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "declension-2",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "inflection-box-top",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "inflection-table-top",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cearc",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cearca",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "a chearc",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "a chearca",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "circe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cearc",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cearc",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "circ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dative",
"dialectal",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cearca",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "inflection-table-top",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "an chearc",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "na cearca",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "na circe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "na gcearc",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "leis an gcearc",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "leis an gcirc",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dative",
"definite",
"dialectal",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "don chearc",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "don chirc",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dative",
"definite",
"dialectal",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "leis na cearca",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ga-mut",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cearc",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "chearc",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"lenition"
]
},
{
"form": "gcearc",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"eclipsis"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"10": "",
"11": "nominative plural",
"12": "cearca",
"13": "",
"14": "",
"15": "",
"16": "",
"2": "noun",
"3": "genitive singular",
"4": "circe",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"altform": "",
"cat2": "",
"f1request": "1",
"f4request": "1",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "cearc f (genitive singular circe, nominative plural cearca)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "circe",
"3": "~a"
},
"expansion": "cearc f (genitive singular circe, nominative plural cearca)",
"name": "ga-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "ga-mut"
}
],
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "ga",
"name": "Chickens",
"orig": "ga:Chickens",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "ga",
"name": "Female animals",
"orig": "ga:Female animals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "96 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "96 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"diminutive"
],
"word": "circín"
},
{
"english": "henhouse",
"translation": "henhouse",
"word": "cró cearc"
},
{
"english": "hen-harrier",
"translation": "hen-harrier",
"word": "cromán na gcearc"
},
{
"english": "bantam",
"translation": "bantam",
"word": "gearrchearc"
}
],
"glosses": [
"chicken, hen"
],
"id": "en-cearc-ga-noun-TD9flIwp",
"links": [
[
"chicken",
"chicken"
],
[
"hen",
"hen"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/caɾˠk/"
},
{
"ipa": "[cæːɾˠk]",
"tags": [
"Cois-Fharraige"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/cɞɾˠk/",
"tags": [
"Aran",
"also"
]
}
],
"word": "cearc"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "turkey-hen",
"translation": "turkey-hen",
"word": "cearc-Fhrangach"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "broody",
"translation": "broody",
"word": "cearc-ghur"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "female guinea fowl",
"translation": "female guinea fowl",
"word": "cearc Innseanach"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "hen harrier",
"translation": "hen harrier",
"word": "clamhan-nan-cearc"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "sga",
"3": "cerc"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish cerc",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*kerkā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *kerkā",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Irish cerc, from Proto-Celtic *kerkā.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cearc",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "circ",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "circe",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cearcan",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"10": "circe",
"11": "",
"12": "",
"13": "",
"14": "",
"15": "",
"16": "",
"17": "",
"18": "",
"19": "plural",
"2": "noun",
"20": "cearcan",
"21": "",
"22": "",
"23": "",
"24": "",
"25": "",
"26": "{{{pl4}}}",
"27": "",
"28": "",
"3": "dative singular",
"4": "cearc",
"5": "or",
"6": "circ",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "genitive singular",
"cat2": "",
"f10accel-form": "p",
"f11accel-form": "genpl",
"f1accel-form": "dat|s",
"f2accel-form": "dat|s",
"f3accel-form": "dat|s",
"f4accel-form": "gen|s",
"f5accel-form": "gen|s",
"f6accel-form": "gen|s",
"f7accel-form": "gen|s",
"f8accel-form": "p",
"f9accel-form": "p",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "cearc f (dative singular cearc or circ, genitive singular circe, plural cearcan)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"dat": "cearc",
"dat2": "circ",
"g": "f",
"gen": "circe",
"pl": "cearcan"
},
"expansion": "cearc f (dative singular cearc or circ, genitive singular circe, plural cearcan)",
"name": "gd-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Scottish Gaelic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "gd",
"name": "Female animals",
"orig": "gd:Female animals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hen"
],
"id": "en-cearc-gd-noun-1EoI3jmB",
"links": [
[
"hen",
"hen"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Scottish Gaelic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 95",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "gd",
"name": "Chickens",
"orig": "gd:Chickens",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "gd",
"name": "Female animals",
"orig": "gd:Female animals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"chicken"
],
"id": "en-cearc-gd-noun-gR64G50R",
"links": [
[
"chicken",
"chicken"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kʲʰɛɾk/",
"note": "Lewis, Harris"
},
{
"ipa": "[kʲʰæɾ̥k]",
"note": "Lewis, Harris"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʲʰɛɾxk/",
"note": "Uist, Barra, Skye"
},
{
"ipa": "[kʲʰæɾ̥xk]",
"note": "Uist, Barra, Skye"
}
],
"word": "cearc"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"gd-noun 2",
"gd:Chickens",
"gd:Female animals"
],
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"diminutive"
],
"word": "circín"
},
{
"english": "henhouse",
"translation": "henhouse",
"word": "cró cearc"
},
{
"english": "hen-harrier",
"translation": "hen-harrier",
"word": "cromán na gcearc"
},
{
"english": "bantam",
"translation": "bantam",
"word": "gearrchearc"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "sga",
"3": "cerc"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish cerc",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*kerkā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *kerkā",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Irish cerc, from Proto-Celtic *kerkā.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "circe",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cearca",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "declension-2",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "inflection-box-top",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "inflection-table-top",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cearc",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cearca",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "a chearc",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "a chearca",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "circe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cearc",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cearc",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "circ",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dative",
"dialectal",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cearca",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "inflection-table-top",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "an chearc",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "na cearca",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "na circe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "na gcearc",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "leis an gcearc",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "leis an gcirc",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dative",
"definite",
"dialectal",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "don chearc",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "don chirc",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dative",
"definite",
"dialectal",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "leis na cearca",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ga-mut",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cearc",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "chearc",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"lenition"
]
},
{
"form": "gcearc",
"source": "mutation",
"tags": [
"eclipsis"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"10": "",
"11": "nominative plural",
"12": "cearca",
"13": "",
"14": "",
"15": "",
"16": "",
"2": "noun",
"3": "genitive singular",
"4": "circe",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"altform": "",
"cat2": "",
"f1request": "1",
"f4request": "1",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "cearc f (genitive singular circe, nominative plural cearca)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "circe",
"3": "~a"
},
"expansion": "cearc f (genitive singular circe, nominative plural cearca)",
"name": "ga-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "ga-mut"
}
],
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"Irish feminine nouns",
"Irish lemmas",
"Irish nouns",
"Irish second-declension nouns",
"Irish terms derived from Old Irish",
"Irish terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Irish terms inherited from Old Irish",
"Irish terms inherited from Proto-Celtic",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"ga:Chickens",
"ga:Female animals"
],
"glosses": [
"chicken, hen"
],
"links": [
[
"chicken",
"chicken"
],
[
"hen",
"hen"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/caɾˠk/"
},
{
"ipa": "[cæːɾˠk]",
"tags": [
"Cois-Fharraige"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/cɞɾˠk/",
"tags": [
"Aran",
"also"
]
}
],
"word": "cearc"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Scottish Gaelic entries with incorrect language header",
"Scottish Gaelic feminine nouns",
"Scottish Gaelic lemmas",
"Scottish Gaelic nouns",
"Scottish Gaelic terms derived from Old Irish",
"Scottish Gaelic terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Scottish Gaelic terms inherited from Old Irish",
"Scottish Gaelic terms inherited from Proto-Celtic",
"gd-noun 2",
"gd:Chickens",
"gd:Female animals"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "turkey-hen",
"translation": "turkey-hen",
"word": "cearc-Fhrangach"
},
{
"english": "broody",
"translation": "broody",
"word": "cearc-ghur"
},
{
"english": "female guinea fowl",
"translation": "female guinea fowl",
"word": "cearc Innseanach"
},
{
"english": "hen harrier",
"translation": "hen harrier",
"word": "clamhan-nan-cearc"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "sga",
"3": "cerc"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish cerc",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*kerkā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *kerkā",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Irish cerc, from Proto-Celtic *kerkā.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cearc",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "circ",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "circe",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cearcan",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"10": "circe",
"11": "",
"12": "",
"13": "",
"14": "",
"15": "",
"16": "",
"17": "",
"18": "",
"19": "plural",
"2": "noun",
"20": "cearcan",
"21": "",
"22": "",
"23": "",
"24": "",
"25": "",
"26": "{{{pl4}}}",
"27": "",
"28": "",
"3": "dative singular",
"4": "cearc",
"5": "or",
"6": "circ",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "genitive singular",
"cat2": "",
"f10accel-form": "p",
"f11accel-form": "genpl",
"f1accel-form": "dat|s",
"f2accel-form": "dat|s",
"f3accel-form": "dat|s",
"f4accel-form": "gen|s",
"f5accel-form": "gen|s",
"f6accel-form": "gen|s",
"f7accel-form": "gen|s",
"f8accel-form": "p",
"f9accel-form": "p",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "cearc f (dative singular cearc or circ, genitive singular circe, plural cearcan)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"dat": "cearc",
"dat2": "circ",
"g": "f",
"gen": "circe",
"pl": "cearcan"
},
"expansion": "cearc f (dative singular cearc or circ, genitive singular circe, plural cearcan)",
"name": "gd-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"hen"
],
"links": [
[
"hen",
"hen"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"chicken"
],
"links": [
[
"chicken",
"chicken"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kʲʰɛɾk/",
"note": "Lewis, Harris"
},
{
"ipa": "[kʲʰæɾ̥k]",
"note": "Lewis, Harris"
},
{
"ipa": "/kʲʰɛɾxk/",
"note": "Uist, Barra, Skye"
},
{
"ipa": "[kʲʰæɾ̥xk]",
"note": "Uist, Barra, Skye"
}
],
"word": "cearc"
}
Download raw JSONL data for cearc meaning in All languages combined (7.4kB)
{
"called_from": "parser/328",
"msg": "TABLE not properly closed",
"path": [
"cearc"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "cearc",
"trace": "started on line 3, detected on line 8"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <div> not properly closed",
"path": [
"cearc"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "cearc",
"trace": "started on line 2, detected on line 8"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/328",
"msg": "TABLE not properly closed",
"path": [
"cearc"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "cearc",
"trace": "started on line 2, detected on line 25"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <div> not properly closed",
"path": [
"cearc"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "cearc",
"trace": "started on line 1, detected on line 25"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </div>",
"path": [
"cearc"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "cearc",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/328",
"msg": "TABLE not properly closed",
"path": [
"cearc"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "cearc",
"trace": "started on line 2, detected on line 21"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <div> not properly closed",
"path": [
"cearc"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "cearc",
"trace": "started on line 1, detected on line 21"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </div>",
"path": [
"cearc"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "cearc",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </div>",
"path": [
"cearc"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "cearc",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/865",
"msg": "inflection table: IF WITHOUT ELSE EVALS False: cearc/Irish 'radical' base_tags=set()",
"path": [
"cearc"
],
"section": "Irish",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "cearc",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/328",
"msg": "TABLE not properly closed",
"path": [
"cearc"
],
"section": "Scottish Gaelic",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "cearc",
"trace": "started on line 3, detected on line 10"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <div> not properly closed",
"path": [
"cearc"
],
"section": "Scottish Gaelic",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "cearc",
"trace": "started on line 2, detected on line 10"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </div>",
"path": [
"cearc"
],
"section": "Scottish Gaelic",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "cearc",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-08-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-08-05 using wiktextract (872fc7b and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.